Thursday, February 18, 2010

Thirty Pieces of Silver and a Kiss

Judas Iscariot: Traitor. Betrayer. Murderer. The most famous of Jesus' disciples and what Mormon's have declared one cast into outer darkness as a Son of Perdition- a fate designated for few of Christ's deniers. He is easily the most hated figure in all of Christianity although his act lead to the sacrifice and will of the Father. Chronologically examining the Gospels and Paul's letters, Judas goes from a Betrayer who "handed him over" ( Greek translation paradidomi) to the more evil version in Luke, where Satan literally enters Judas (Luke 22:3).
What have Prophets thought about the assumed fate of the most famed denier of Christ?
Joseph F. Smith Gospel Doctrine p 433-435
If Judas really had known God's power, and had partaken thereof, and did actually "deny the truth" and "defy" that power, "having denied the Holy Spirit after he had received it," and also "denied the Only Begotten," after God had "revealed him" unto him, then there can be no doubt that he "will die the second death. That Judas did partake of all this knowledge—that these great truths had been revealed to him—that he had received the Holy Spirit by the gift of God, and was therefore qualified to commit the unpardonable sin, is not at all clear to me. To my mind it strongly appears that not one of the disciples possessed sufficient light, knowledge nor wisdom, at the time of the crucifixion, for either exaltation or condemnation; for it was afterward that their minds were
opened to understand the scriptures, and that they were endowed with power from on high; without which they were only children in knowledge, in comparison to what they afterwards become under the influence of the Spirit.....But not knowing that Judas did commit the unpardonable sin; nor that he was a "son of perdition without hope" who will die the second death, nor what knowledge he possessed by which he was able to commit so great a sin, I prefer, until I know better, to take the merciful view that he may be numbered among those for whom the blessed Master prayed, "Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do."

This contradicts Brigham Young's statement that Judas did commit the unpardonable sin in Journal of Discourses: "...committed the unpardonable sin by sinning against light and knowledge, as Judas did in betraying the Lord of life and glory..."(pg. 174)
The Prophet Joseph Smith spoke of Judas as one who seeks destruction and was "enlisted against truth". He also taught that Satan entered into him as taught in Luke.
There is a Superior intelligence bestowed upon such as obey the Gospel with full purpose of heart, which, if sinned against, the apostate is left naked and destitute of the Spirit of God, and he is, in truth, nigh unto cursing, and his end is to be burned. When once that light which was in them in taken from them, they become as much darkened as they were previously enlightened, and then, no marvel, if all their power should be enlisted against the truth, and they, Judas like, seek the destruction of those who were their greatest benefactors. What nearer friend on earth, or in heaven, had Judas than the Savior? And his first object was to destroy him.
Was Judas so cunning, conniving, and evil? Was he an integral part of the plan? Is his role a lesson for all saints and sinners as a warning of what happens when you deny the Savior? If Christ knew he was a Betrayer, does this take away free will of Judas? These questions have plagued philosophers for centuries including St. Thomas Aquinas.
Who was Judas?
Iscariot. Man of the City (Kerioth). Worldly (he was in charge of the money)? Last names not given, we know little of this man other than he was from the city unlike many of his Apostles who were from smaller towns such as Capernaum, Galilee, all fisherman from the North given that they were from the Tribe of Benjamin displaced from the south and moved into the north. Judas was slightly different than the other apostles in geographical background. He was from the Tribe of Judah, unlike his Galilean associates, the only Apostle to share the heritage of Christ.
Living in an actual city in Judea, Judas would have been more apt to experience Roman occupation and be subject to radical and conservative Jewish philosophy. Kerioth was 10 miles south of Hebron, which was a key religious site for Jews, home to Abraham and King David. He would have lived under Pontius Pilate's rule in 26 C.E. rather than Herod Antipas of Galilee and dealt with the using of tithes at the temple to pay for public works, and his attempts to place pagan inscriptions placed in the Jerusalem palace. These types of abuses would have outraged Jews. He began his rule with his soldiers marching into Jerusalem with statues of the prefect being placed around the city. Immediately the Jews objected. He taxed heavily, Rome's main purpose was to tax territories without killing them totally. The Zealots created an insurgency, however the revolt didn't work, and the Zealots used guerrilla warfare against the Roman soldiers in Jerusalem to rebel against heavy taxation.
Judas would also have experience with the Sadduccees, who were also being assassinated for their association with the Romans. The rich, elitist Sadduccees ran the Sanhedrin who would ultimately turn Christ over to the Pilate who would subject him to Roman law rather than Jewish law. These Sadduccees ruled the temple and believed not in oral law, heaven, resurrection, angels, and were a small minority of the Jews, yet these are the men that Judas colluded with. Given the political upheaval and marriage between Rome and the Sadducees, it's unlikely Judas would have liked doing business with these men, although with the right motive, perhaps they were the perfect conspirators.
Did Judas want Christ to die? Was He Motivated by Revolution or Money?
Thomas De Quincey asserts that Judas however, was not solely responsible for the death of Christ. He argues that Judas was merely attempting to push the Jews into a Holy War, to fight against the Romans and have Christ come in his Majesty as a wrathful God. He did not expect a peaceful death willing his life to the Father, and then a resurrection. Judas wanted a revolution. And he was going to start it with 30 pieces of silver and a kiss.
When passing Jesus to Caiaphus, Judas knew that it was a holiday (Passover) and that as it was the middle of the night, the trial would most likely take place in a few days. Unfortunately laws were broken as Caiaphus expedited the trial illegally and Christ was brought before Pilate in the middle of the night, and ultimately chosen by most likely a fixed Sadducceean crowd to be crucified. Caiaphus was threatened by Christ and his teachings, Pilate feared a Jewish King that might disrupt the waning peace, and it was in both their interest to quell the King of the Jews, much like Herod decapitated John the Baptist, rebel rouser.
When Christ failed to start a revolution and instead began a resurrection, Judas was beside himself. He attempted to return the 3o pieces of silver to the temple (equivalent to half a years pay?) and eventually hung himself. In 1990 the family of Caiaphus ossuaries were discovered in Jerusalem, and interestingly enough, Judas happened to hang himself in front of the family tomb, perhaps because he felt betrayed by Caiaphus and how he felt about the betrayal to him - the lack of a trial.
My question really hangs on the fact that maybe Judas was really taking matters into his own hands and trying to start a revolution. He colluded with the Sadduccees in order to push Christ into a Holy War - the War in which the Jewish Savior of wrath and war would save the Jews. What Judas perhaps underestimated is the true message of Christ. He never understood that Christ was there to save through the atonement, not through violence.
So is Judas misunderstood? Is he Satanic or misguided?

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